1938 KDF Detailed Manual

Volkswagen - Origin of the world beating 'People's Car'

Very few cars have achieved the success and lasting fame of the Volkswagen Beetle. In production for 65 years and selling over 21 million units, it is the longest manufactured and most successful car in history. The Beetle was the realization of a shared vision of a group of Austro-Hungarians; Ferdinand Porsche, Hans Ledwinka, Paul Jaray, Josef Ganz and Adolf Hitler; for a cheap, modern car for the common man. Design and production problems almost strangled the car at birth. It was then almost snuffed out of existence by the Second World War, but somehow, against all the odds, it survived and prospered in ways its originators could never have imagined.

Precursors
The idea of a 'people's car' was nothing new. Scores of companies attempted to service the lower end of the market with a variety of cycle-cars, velocettes and three-wheelers. These were usually built of cheap materials like plywood and powered by motorcycle engines and, while basic, were at least a step up from a bicycle or motorbike.

DKW's first venture into automobiles was with the electric powered Slaby-Beringer cyclecar.

A high flying concept
One of the central ideas behind the Volkswagen is found in the patents of a Hungarian aeronautical engineer named Paul Jaray. Born in 1899 in Vienna, Paul Jaray studied aeronautics in Prague and wrote extensively on wing design and aeronautical theory. In 1914 he joined the Zeppelin Company and rose through the ranks to become their chief designer.

Jaray recognized the importance of aerodynamic streamlining and experimented extensively in Zeppelin's wind tunnels on a range of design concepts. After the Treaty of Versailles put an end to Germany's airship industry, Jaray turned his interest to cars. In 1922 he lodged a patent for a car design concept featuring a "half stream-lined body shell" that would "reduce the resistance of air to the highest degree attainable" by "deflecting the air chiefly upwards, as well as rearwards over its top and then down to the bottom with the least disturbance as possible."

One of Jaray's wind tunnel maquettes.

Jaray consulted for a number of German company's in the mid-1920s, but these initial experiments proved less than satisfactory. He then moved on to Switzerland and established his own consulting company called Stromlinen Karosserie. As his ideas evolved and automobile companies became more adventurous, Jaray became more successful and by the 1930s he was consulting for companies such as Hanomag, Adler, Mercedes-Benz, Maybach, Auto-Union, Tatra, and Steyer-Puch.


Josef Ganz the Motor-Kritik
Josef Ganz was born in Budapest in 1898 to German and Hungarian parents. In 1916 his parents moved to Frankfurt-am-Main in Germany and the young Ganz left school to enlist in the German army. Upon demobilization in 1918 Ganz went to study as a mechanical engineer. His experiences at university made Ganz highly critical of conservatism in the auto industry and shortly after he graduated in 1927, he gave voice to his opinion as the editor-in-chief of Klein Auto Sport magazine, which later became the influential Motor-Kritik magazine.

Passionate about automotive innovation, Josef Ganz railed furiously against the conservative pillars of the German auto industry from the pages of Motor-Kritic. His acerbic commentary resulted in several lawsuits but he was undeterred. It was Ganz who first termed 'volkswagen' to mean a cheap, modern car for the working man. However, during the boom years of the Roaring Twenties car companies were interested in large, luxurious cars for the rich, not budget cars for the poor. However, after the Stock Market collapse of 1929, some of the smaller players in the industry saw an opportunity. Ganz was engaged by the Ardie motorcycle company to develop a budget car. A single, very basic prototype was built. Ardie turned down the project which was then picked up by the Adler motorcycle company.

Josef Ganz (left) and Paul Jaray (right) pose in the Adler 'Maikafer' (May beetle). Remarkably the prototype is preserved in the Central Garage Museum, Bad Homburg.

Recent claims that in Ganz' maikafer we have the true origin of the Volkswagen is drawing a very long bow. While the tiny wooden-bodied maikafer had some general features that would be found in the Volkswagen, such as swing axles and a rear mounted engine, it differed very little from other contemporary cyclecars, such as the Hanomag Kommissbrot (army loaf).

Truck maker Hanomag's Kommissbrot reintroduced the concept of the rear mounted engine in 1924. The decision to mount the engine in the rear was determined by cost as it removed the need for a drive shaft. The single-cylinder 400cc four-stroke engine drove the live rear axle by a chain. The car's chassis was wood and the body was of plywood with artificial leather covering. Despite its simplicity, the Hanomag had surprisingly good driving characteristics. Josef Ganz purchased a second hand Hanomag and wrote glowing reviews in Motor-Kritik.

As impractical as the Maikafer was, it was Ganz' foot in the door and other commissions started to come his way. In 1932 the Standard Motorcycle Company engaged Ganz to develop the Maikafer concept into a more substantial, budget car. The result was the Standard Superior which they revealed at the Berlin Motor show in 1934.

The Standard display stand at the 1934 Berlin Auto Show. The chassis of the Standard Superior is in the foreground (it also appears on the cover of Motor-Kritik magazine earlier in the article) highlighting the car's modern features, including the central tube chassis developed by Hans Ledwinka of Tatra, independent all-wheel suspension and a rear mounted two-stroke engine.

The original Mark I Superior featured a simple, wooden body, but Standard updated the styling in 1935 and rebranded the car the Superior 'Deutschen Volkswagen.' With their modern, streamlined appearance the Standard pointed to the future, but the noise generated by the water-cooled two-stroke engine beneath the tiny rear bench made for an uncomfortable ride for the already cramped passengers. Only a few hundred cars were built.

In 1933 Josef Ganz was engaged as a consultant on Mercedes-Benz' rear-engined 130H project as a suspension specialist. By the time he joined, the project was in trouble. The original design included an air-cooled boxer engine, but performance issues with the newly designed engine led Mercedes-Benz to swap it for an inline water cooled engine at the last minute. The new engine compromised the car's centre of gravity, degrading its handling. Neither Ganz nor Ferdinand Porsche, who was also consulted on the project, could salvage the car at this late stage. Released in 1934, the Mercedes-Benz 130H sold poorly. It was improved over subsequent years but gained a reputation as a lemon.

Jaray's Vision Realized
Hans Ledwinka (1879-1967) started his career as a mechanic's apprentice with the Austrian Nesseldorfer company, a carriage maker who had begun manufacturing cars at the turn of the century. When Nesseldorfer stopped building cars during the First World War, he transferred to the Austrian car manufacturer, Steyr-Puch, where he became their chief engineer. Ledwinka's ambitions to build a cheap modern car bought him into conflict with Steyr-Puch's management so in 1921 he moved back to Nesseldorfer, which was soon renamed Tatra. There, Ledwinka set to work on his budget car concept. The result was the Tatra T11, which featured a raft of revolutionary features, such as the central backbone chassis, fully independent suspension and four wheel brakes. The T11 was powered by an fan cooled two-cylinder opposed boxer engine.

Always keen to get his hands on the latest innovations, Josef Ganz purchased a Tatra T11 for himself (actually he owned a German built version called a Detra). He wrote extensively about the car's qualities in the pages of Motor-Kritik and borrowed many of its features in his designs.

In 1930 Hans Ledwinka's son Erich, and lead engineer Erich Uberlacher were tasked to develop a new car, however, the resulting car was little more than a slightly modernized T12. Hans Ledwinka was so infuriated that he threatened to fire Uberlacher if that was the best he could do, which encouraged him to think outside the box. Nevertheless, Uberlacher and Ledwinka Junior's car went on sale in 1931 as the Tatra T57 and would go on to become one of Tatra's most successful models. the following year in an effort to modernize their range, Tatra engaged Paul Jaray as a consultant engineer to re-body the car with a modern, streamlined body, but this exercise came to nothing.

In response to Ledwinka Senior's criticisms, Uberlacher presented an experimental variant of the Type 57 with a rear mounted engine. Although the car looked like a standard T57, it was obvious to all that with the engine in the rear there was potential to transform the interior space of the car as well as reduce the car's overall weight and cost. Paul Jaray was consulted again and presented a new streamlined body. This project was designated the V570 and at least two examples were constructed. However, the project proved to be more challenging than anyone anticipated. The rear mounting of the car's air cooled engine created serious problems with both cooling and handling. Ledwinka spent three years working though the technical challenges, resulting in more than a dozen patents addressing air cooling alone.

The Volkswagen stillborn in Czechoslovakia in 1933. At least two prototypes were built, one of which survives in the Tatra factory museum. 

As the problems with the V570 project increased in complexity, Tatra put the project on hold and with great vision and foresight they repackaged the project as a luxury sedan, which finally saw the light of day as the legendary Tatra T77 in 1934.

Paul Jaray's streamlined dreams finally came to life in the Tatra T77. For more details about the story of Tatra's streamliners, see my post http://www.heinkelscooter.blogspot.com.au/2011/12/tatras-streamliners-yesterdays-car-of.html

Another Vision - the National Car
There was one particularly interested observer amongst the visitors at the 1933 Berlin Auto Show. Adolf Hitler, had just been elected Chancellor of Germany a few months earlier and he used the occasion to made a speech vowing to get Germany motoring. It would be a project of national renewal, restoring Germany as a modern industrial power. Within the year the Ministry of Works had announced the construction of a network of highways, the Autobahns, linking the country and the Autobahns would need cars to drive on them.

Hitler was born in a little village in north western Austria, near Linz, in 1889. He had a troubled home life and was a poor student. When his mother died in 1905 he moved to Vienna where he lived a bohemian, poverty stricken existence. He came to despise the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural character of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and became a radical German nationalist. When the First World War broke out he enlisted in the German Army.

The shock of Germany's defeat in the War, the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles and the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire radicalised him further. In the 1921 Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers Party. Despite set backs, such as the ill considered 'Beer-Hall' coup in 1923, the Nazi's message program of German nationalism and economic regeneration found an ready audience during the Depression years and by 1933 the Nazi's gained a majority in the Reichstag and Hitler was elected Chancellor of Germany. The Nazi's immediately launched a series of industrial programs to rebuild the German economy and 'restore' Germany to its 'rightful' place as the leading nation of Europe.

Hitler recognized that the car industry had been an important factor in the US's economic and industrial growth. He was however opposed to unrestrained US style free-market competition, as that would result in duplication of effort and waste of Germany's limited resources. Germany's transformation into a fully industrialized nation of car owners, driving on modern super highways, would be via a centrally controlled national car project. In his opening remarks at the 1933 Berlin Auto Show he outlined a program of national road building and encouraged the German auto industry to build a modern car that would help motorize the nation. The anticipated price cap for this new 'People's Car' would be set at 1000 Reich Marks.

Photo from the 1935 Berlin Auto Show. The car on the left is the rear-engined Mercedes-Benz 150 sportster and on the right is the famous Mercedes-Benz SSK roadster.

The auto industry was aghast. While they were pleased to see the government encourage the auto industry, the price cap of 1000 RM was unreasonable. At the 1934 Berlin Motor Show, cheapest vehicle was the Framo Piccolo, a vehicle constructed of wood and artificial leather and powered by a 200cc single cylinder two-stroke motor cost 1400 RM. Industry representatives attempted to negotiate for a more realistic price but Hitler was adamant: the car must be modern, steel and cost less than 1000 RM.

Josef Ganz must have found it bitterly ironic that Adolf Hitler proved to be the most enthusiastic supporter of his vision of the 'people's car.' Ganz' enemies in the car industry had used the change of government to accuse him of slander and blackmail and he'd been arrested by the Gestapo. He was released in June 1934 and being a Jew, fled Germany for Switzerland. There he continued developing his car designs, but without much success.

Josef Ganz and his Swiss 'volkswagen.' Ganz' experience in Switzerland demonstrated that without substantial financial backing it was impossible to successfully build even budget car. Ganz' volkswagen was simply an improved maikafer cyclecar. Maybe 40 examples were built before the project was terminated.

Ferdinand Porsche and the long pregnancy
Ferdinand Porsche was born to German parents in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1875. He was always mechanically minded and although he studied engineering, he was never formally qualified.

In 1898 Porsche joined the Lohner carriage company in Vienna where he developed an electrically powered car. He later developed the design into a hybrid powered, electric car that proved to be a success and over 300 were built.

Lohner-Porsche hybrid electric car. These novel cars were powered by electric motors mounted within the enlarged front wheel hubs. They used a small petrol engine to keep the batteries charged, thereby reducing the weight of the batteries and extending the cars' range.

In 1906 he joined the Austro-Daimler company and rose through the ranks until he became managing director in 1916. In 1923 he came into conflict with Daimler's management over the direction of the company so he moved to Daimler in Stuttgart where he became technical director working primarily on the racing car designs. In 1926 Daimler merged with the Benz company to become Daimler-Benz, but again he found himself in conflict with the board over his plans for a budget motorcar. In 1929 he quit Daimler-Benz for the Austrian Steyr-Puch company. Steyr encouraged Porsche to develop his budget car idea, but then the Depression hit and Steyr-Puch went into receivership. They were later bought out by Daimler and Porsche was retrenched.

Sick of corporate interference and politics, Porsche decided to strike out on his own and in 1931 established his own design bureau. One of his first projects was to develop a mid-range car for Wanderer in 1932. This introduced him to Baron Klaus von Oertzen, formerly managing director of Wanderer and now chairman of the board of Auto-Union. Von Oertzen was looking for a show piece project that would put Auto-Union on the map and thought to do this via motor-racing. Porsche presented a concept for a mid-engined streamlined racing car like one he'd developed for Daimler-Benz in the 1920s. This would become the world famous Silver Arrow racers that came to dominate the 1930s Grand Prix racing circuit.

Porsche stands behind world Grand Prix champion, Bernd Rosemeyer, with a Type C Silver Arrow. These were temperamental beasts and required extremely careful handling on the road due to their oversteer and swing axles. However, in the hands an expert like Rosemeyer, they were unparalleled on the track. http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/race_drivers_bernd_rosemeyer.htm

The Auto-Union project would make Porsche's fortune in more ways than one. Most importantly it gained him a personal audience with Hitler, establishing his credibility with the Fuhrer. The Auto-Union racing program would cost money that the new company did not have so van Oertzen prepared a pitch for government sponsorship of the program. To showcase Germany's sporting and industrial prowess, Hitler had already approved state sponsorship to the tune of 500,000 RM for his favorite automotive company, Mercedes-Benz. If Auto-Union received only a portion of that, the company's future would be assured. However, the meeting with Hitler did not go well. Hitler took an instant dislike to the artistocratic van Oertzen and dismissed his arguments out of hand, stating that the government would not invest in an unknown company like Auto-Union which had no history in motor racing. With that, it seemed the venture was lost. The mercurial Porsche, who had little tact and enormous self-confidence, interjected, dismissing Hitler's arguments, laying out his own vision for the Auto-Union racing program. Porsche placed great stress on the value of having two German teams competing against each other to drive excellence. Hitler was not used to being contradicted in such a way but found Porsche's gruff confidence compelling and he agreed to a matching grant Auto-Union. When Mercedes-Benz found out that they would have a rival in the Grand Prix sphere they were furious. Porsche had been right, and the Mercedes vs Auto-Union rivalry became a grudge match that pushed each company to the very limits of automotive engineering at the time.

Zundapp Type 12
Prestige projects like the Silver Arrows helped Porsche bankroll a speculative budget car project but he really needed corporate backing to get it off the ground. In 1932 the motorcycle company Zundapp came forward with a contract for budget car. The resulting 'Type 12' prototype was a semi-streamlined rear-engined vehicle. Porsche designed it for an air-cooled boxer engine design he was working on but Zundapp mounted a 5 cylinder water cooled radial engine of their own design instead. Three prototypes were built, one with Zundapp's engine, one with an air-cooled two cylinder two-stroke, and the third with Porsche's boxer engine. After trials, during which Zundapp's radial engine proved to be much quieter that Porsche's engine, Zundapp decided not to proceed with the project, concentrating instead on their very successful motorcycle business.

Ferdinand Porsche's son, Ferry, stands beside the original Zundapp Type 12 prototype. This example, hand-built at Porsche's workshop has none of the smooth lines and streamlining of the later cars. The other examples were contracted to professional body works. Unfortunately all three prototypes were destroyed during the Second World War. A replica has been built for the Zundapp Museum in Nuremberg. Like Standard and NSU, Zundapp found that the move from motorcycle to car production involved far more capital, re-tooling and re-training than they were prepared to make.

The rear view of a later Zundapp Type 12 sedan prototype shows its streamlining credentials. It bears an uncanny resemblance to the Tatra V570.

NSU Type 32
The motorcycle company NSU picked up the 'volkswagen' project from Zundapp. This new car, called Type 32, was powered by Porsche's four cylinder air-cooled boxer engine and addressed some of the flaws of the Type 12. However, Porsche's patent torsion suspension proved problematic and there were still problems with the boxer engine. These problems could have been overcome with more development but NSU withdrew from the project after construction of three prototypes.

The original and surviving Type 32 was more streamlined than the Zundapp Type 12, but still quite ungainly. Two other prototypes were built, one with a wood and artificial leather body and another in steel. Both were destroyed during the war. The original Type 32 was traded back to the Volkswagen Museum in the 1950s.

The Type 32 with 'modernized' headlights at Volkswagen exhibition in the 1960s.

Thwarted again, Porsche changed tack. In 1934 he wrote a letter directly to the Adolf Hitler outlining his plans for a 'People's Car' and seeking government backing. The Auto-Union Grand Prix program was now in full swing but Porsche's radical rear engined racers were not yet the world beating machines they would be in 1937 and 38. Hitler however recognised Porche's determination and shared vision. Hitler sent for Porsche and the two discussed details of the design. Porsche was given a small grant to develop a prototype.

The Volkswagen Manifesto: https://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2021/02/the-volkswagen-manifesto.html



Two V3 prototypes were built in the garage of Porsche's home in Stuttgart as there wasn't sufficient room to build them at his design studio. Three more were contracted out to Daimler-Benz. Several different engines were tried, including a water-cooled two-cylinder two-stroke, an Austin vertical four and the air-cooled boxer engine that had been trialed in the NSU Type 32. All proved to be noisy and unreliable. The engine finally chosen was an improved 984cc flat four, air-cooled boxer engine that had been redesigned by Franz Reimspiess of Porsche's design team. It's an important fact to note that the Volkswagen was the result of the efforts of a large design team, with specialists working on their various components. These included, Karl Rabe, working on the air cooling, Karl Frohlich, working on the transmission, Josef Zahradnik working on the axles and suspension, and Josef Mickl, as aerodynamic consultant.

Ferry Porsche behind the wheel of one of the V3 prototypes. The V3 featured the Tatra-styled bonnet mounted headlights that Hitler had recommended. These would soon be remounted in the wheel arches in the V30.

In 1935 all five prototypes were then put through their paces by the German Automobile Manufacturers Association. Each vehicle was driven 30,000 kilometres and their performance was carefully noted and a report was presented in January 1937. All five vehicles had suffered significant, even catastrophic, break downs and accidents. Almost every component failed, from fractured crankshafts (traced to the poor quality cast iron used), brake failure, electrical failure, steering failure, and importantly, Porsche's patent torsion suspension failed in most vehicles. The suspension would need substantial strengthening if it were to last. Such a report could have spelt the death knell for the Volkswagen, but the all test drivers had felt that the cars had good handling qualities. The Manufacturers Association concurred and recommended that another series of cars be built which addressed the identified faults. They requested 30 cars be delivered for a second round of testing.

Hitler was furious when he received the report. Four years had passed since he'd announced a national 'People's car' project and he still had nothing to show for it. The private car companies had opposed him at every turn, turning out either over-priced standard cars or inadequate plywood kleinautos, while Porsche's promised volkswagen was going to require at least another year of development. His mood was not lightened when at the 1937 Berlin Auto Show Opel described their P-4 sedan as "our volkswagen." Hitler flew into a rage and during his opening speech reminded his audience, "Either automobile makers produce the cheap car or they go out of business. I will not tolerate the plea, 'it cannot be done!'" Opel quickly found themselves very much on the wrong side of the Nazi's.

Opel introduced the P-4 in 1935. Prices ranged from 1800 to 1600 Marks, depending on the model. In response to Hitler's outrage Opel proposed to reduce the price to 1400 Marks, but the Nazi's disallowed the price reduction - there would be no competitor to the Volkswagen.

The Berlin Auto Show debacle transformed the volkswagen project. Hitler was no longer prepared to leave the project in the hands of private industry. The volkswagen project became a nationalized program of work under the auspices of the KDF (Labour Front) organization. KDF were assigned the task of building a showpiece factory, the largest in the country, with a forecast production capacity of one million cars per year. They settled on the little town of Wolfsburg in Lower Saxony. On a huge estate appropriated from the local count they began construction of an enormous factory and residential units for the projected hundreds of thousands of workers it would require. The town was renamed Stadt des KDF-wagen dei Fallersleben (city of the KDF car near Fallersleben) or more simply, das Autostadt, the car city.

Construction of the power plan complex at Wolfsburg. Wolfsburg was chosen as it was situated at a rail and canal intersection in the middle of the country.

In the meantime Daimler-Benz was ordered to build the 30 new prototypes and this time there was to be no cost cutting measures. Each of the cars was hand-built. The cars were delivered to an SS transport unit for testing in June 1937. The cars were then put through an intensive continuous driving test for 50,000 kilometres.

Porsche observes one of the type 30 test vehicles. With this model the true Volkswagen has taken shape, with fender mounted headlights. The trunk lid is much smaller than in the production version however.

The Daimler built type 30s are distinguishable by their lack of a rear window.

The type 30s performed well in testing and in 1938 an improved version, the KDF 38, went into production. This model was the true Volkswagen that we know today. On 26 May 1938 Adolf Hitler laid the cornerstone of the Wolfsburg factory. At an elaborate unveiling ceremony, the KDF 38 models were revealed and grandiose speeches were made about future of Germany and the Volkswagen. The Volkswagen would come in three basic models, a hard top sedan, rag top cabriolet, and a convertible. http://www.vw38.de/

The full, elaborate ceremonial of the Nazi state was put on show for the unveiling of the Volkswagen.

Adolf Hitler was presented with his own Volkswagen convertible.

There was considerable interest in the Volkswagen both within Germany and abroad, even in far away Australia. On 17 February 1938, the Barrier Miner, Victoria, published this write up of the Berlin Auto Show and the unveiling of the Volkswagen.

"THE PEOPLES' CAR" ON VIEW BERLIN, February 17.
THE four-year plan of economic self-sufficiency had been tremendously successful, declared Herr Hitler today when opening the Berlin Motor Show, at which the "people's car" was shown for the first time. "We aimed to make the motor industry independent of foreign materials, and tremendous labor was involved. Revolutionary inventions exclude the further use of basic raw materials, even if they are available in unlimited quantities. We have succeeded in increasing Germany's power and confidence. Thus prepared, it will energetically undertake further great tasks. There are now 80,000,000 Germans, forming a mighty consumptive power within a unified economic system, enabling cheaper marketing and production. Thereby we are able to lower the cost of radios, films, and motor cars. The future development of the motor industry will include a reduction in the number of types, lower prices, and a reduction in weight. Hitler rebuked fast drivers, saving that it was an art to drive slowly. Those who drove fast could easily spare the 30 minutes saved by mad speed.
MORE MOTOR ROADS
The Minister for Propganda (Dr. Goebbels) said that 1900 miles of motor roads had been built throughout Germany during the Nazi regime. It was intended to build a further 3000 miles in the next 10 to 15 years. They would be of the utmost importance from a defence viewpoint.
The president of the Reich Federation for the Motor Industry said that, although raw material prices in Germany were double those of the United States, car prices were being reduced because of the more extensive use of artificial materials, such as rubber and petrol. The textile component of tyres shortly would be artificial silk, instead of cotton.
"PEOPLE'S" CAR ATTRACTS INTEREST
The "people's car" attracted thousands of visitors. It will not be marketed until 1940, but many Germans already are paying installments on it. It is a roomy five-seater, rear-engined saloon, capable of 60 miles an hour. When the German demand is satisfied, it will be exported to south-eastern Europe.

This diagram, which appeared in numerous Australian newspapers in May 1936, was the first that non-Germans saw of the new 'volkswagen.' Some basic elements of the design were captured correctly, but many early features of the V3 prototypes were wrong, such as the plywood floor and two-stroke air-cooled engine. The torsion bar suspension system wasn't fully understood either.

A purchase plan arrangement was set up for buyers via a 5 Mark per week lay away plan. The plan however favoured the Nazi's more than the customers. The car had to be paid for in full before it would be delivered. Also, if a payment was missed the contract could be voided without compensation. Nevertheless, some 336,000 Germans signed up for the plan, paying more than 280 million marks into the fund by the war's end. http://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com.au/2014/09/1938-kdf-prospectus.html

The KDF fund prospectus.


Fantastic promotional movie from 1938 sells the Volkswagen dream - freedom to go where you want. It was a powerful message.

Oddly enough, although the Nazi administration was renowned for its corruption, at the end of the war the KDF Volkswagen fund was found intact. The fund and all its records were confiscated by the British occupation forces to prevent it being falling into Soviet hands.

Unfortunately, none of these 'savers' were to receive their car. With the advent of the war the KDF works was reallocated to war production, although it never operated at its full capacity. A military version of the Volkswagen was built as a general staff car. The kubelwagen jeep and the schwimmwagen amphibious car were developed based the Volkswagen engine and chassis, although neither were completely manufactured at Wolfsburg. The Volkswagen's survival after the war was a miracle in itself, no more surprising than its difficult evolution and birth. But that's another story...

Part 2 - http://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com.au/2014/07/volkswagen-at-war.html
Part 3 - http://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com.au/2015/04/the-death-and-resurrection-of-volkswagen.html

1934 Motor Kritik report of the Berlin Motor Show - https://motor-kritik.blogspot.com/2021/04/1934-motor-kritik-nr-6.html 

Dr Ferdinand Porsche's 1935 volkswagen manifesto - https://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2021/02/the-volkswagen-manifesto.html

The Volkswagen Manifesto

In 1933 in one of his first acts as Chancellor, newly elected Adolf Hitler, made a speech at the Berlin International Motor Show to outline the National Socialists' plan for the motorization of Germany. Among the proposals was the construction of a national highway system and the reduction of road taxes to encourage the sale of smaller, cheaper cars. He ended his speech with a call to the automobile industry to focus on a small car that would be affordable by the working man. Over the next twelve months, the major industry players, such as Opel and Mercedes-Benz, lobbied the government against the small car proposal, while the smaller players, such as Gutbrod-Standard and Framo, rushed to fill this niche with newly developed microcars. When Hitler reviewed the results at the 1934 Berlin International Motor Show, he could not disguise his disappointment. He was scathing in his critique of the motley collection of plywood bodied microcars and frustrated with the major players insistence that a cheap car could not be built. Hitler's ideas had crystalized somewhat in the previous twelve months and, for the avoidance of doubt, he stated his expectations clearly. The small car would be modern, made of steel, would carry a family of four at a speed of 100 kph. He set a fixed sale price of 1000RM. The industry was aghast. The cheapest car at the show, the Framo Piccolo, was priced at 1400 RM and it was built of plywood and powered by a 200cc two-stroke stationary motor.

There was however one person in the audience who was not horrified by the Fuhrer's demands. Dr Ferdinand Porsche had long been an advocate for a budget car for the 'everyday man.' As technical director at Daimler-Benz he had agitated for just such a project in the 1920s, which resulted in him being fired. He had promoted the idea at Austro-Daimler and Steyr, without success and, since striking out on his own in 1932, had worked on a budget car project for the motorcycle manufacturer, Zundapp. Capitalizing on his work on the Zundapp project, he wrote a detailed proposal for the Volkswagen which he sent directly to Adolf Hitler. Hitler did not immediately respond, but shortly thereafter, the Reich Transport Ministry authorised funding to commence work and the Volkswagen project was underway.

Dr Ferdinand Porsche and his son, Ferry, in 1938. Ferry was also instrumental in the development of the Volkswagen into practical automobile.

I INTRODUCTION
The construction of a standardised radio receiver, the so-called Volksradio, has shown how important a product is if high quality can be united with an extremely low price. Such a high number of these Volksradios have been sold within a short time that the desired aims - to bring radio within reach of everybody and at the same time to produce so many new jobs to the domestic economy - has been exceeded by a high margin.

The German people have been harbouring the hope for years that they may be bestowed with a proper People's Car. This can be seen not only in the press, but also in the thousands of enquiries coming in. There have indeed been many types of car which have appeared on the market, of high quality, but the price of these has in no way taken into account the low average income of the German worker. Such 'Factory Volkswagens' are still aimed at a limited class of customer, which can and may never be decisive for the future development of German motorisation. This development should, more than ever before, be a matter for the entire German nation, in particular the young people, who want to become acquainted with these things both physically and technically. In addition, the economy of the transport system - proved by the planning of the Autobahn - is suitable as no other to stimulate the entire economy and to produce more jobs, or at least to encourage such a development.

II CONCEPT REQUIREMENTS
I have studied the question of the Volkswagen at some depth and hereby in the following I wish to clearly state my point of view. Under the term Volkswagen, I do not see a small vehicle with artificially restricted dimensions, performance and weight, etc.1 in the manner in which we have seen some results in this area. Such a car can be cheap to purchase, but never from the point of view of a healthy national economy, since the value is extremely limited if the driving comfort and length of life are in any way decreased. At such times of an increase of traffic density, when the safety of the vehicle is gaining more importance, all measures which in any way lower the value of the vehicle are to be totally rejected. Therefore, I see under the term Volkswagen only a full-size vehicle for everyday use, which can compete on an equal footing with other everyday vehicles. In my opinion, in order to make the customary cars into Volkswagens, radical new solutions are necessary. I wish to summarise the requirements of the Volkswagen in the following words:
1. A Volkswagen may not be a small car at the expense of its handling and durability by reducing its dimensions but keeping its relatively high weight. It must be an everyday vehicle with normal dimensions but of relatively light weight, achievable only through fundamentally new methods of construction.
2. A Volkswagen may not be a small car at the expense of its top speed and mountain climbing ability by reducing the engine power. It must be an everyday vehicle with enough power to allow a normal top speed and necessary climbing ability.
3. A Volkswagen may not be a small car at the expense of driving comfort because of limiting the amount of interior space in the body. It must be an everyday vehicle with normal, i.e. comfortable space in the interior.
4. A Volkswagen may not be a small car with limited use or purpose. It must, by simple adaptation of the body, be useful in any possible practical purpose, not only as a passenger car but also serve as a delivery van and even for certain military purposes.
5. A Volkswagen may not be fitted with complicated equipment needing a high level of servicing. It must be fitted with foolproof equipment reducing servicing to a minimum.

III BASIC REQUIREMENTS
Based on the assessment above, the following will be required from a Volkswagen:
1. The best possible suspension and roadholding.
2. A top speed of approximately 100Km/h (62mph).
3. A mountain-climbing ability of about 30%.
4. A four-seater saloon car for the purpose of transporting people.
5. The lowest possible purchase price and lowest possible running costs.

Therefore with the future Volkswagen, there may be no compromise solution in consideration of a certain price. On the contrary, there must be a fundamentally new design solution with regard to the price affordable by a broad section of society and at the same time in line with technical progress for years to come. In line with these considerations, the future Volkswagen must have the following specifications:

• Track 1200mm
• Wheelbase 2500mm
• Max.power 26bhp
• Max. engine speed 3500rpm
• Weight (unladen) 650Kg
• Purchase price 1550RM
• Max. speed 100Km/h
• Hill climbing ability 30%
• Avge. fuel consumption 8 litres per 100 km
• Construction Swing axles

IV PROPOSAL
On the basis of the previous remarks, I would like to make the following proposal:
The government should commission me to carry out a design study for the construction of a Volkswagen. The car will be designed, constructed and tested within a time frame of approximately one year. Afterwards an inspection must take place by means of a commission of specialists from the government and private industry. In the case of a satisfactory inspection the government should decide to recommend to the industry the series production of the model as a German Volkswagen.
As payment for my work, I wish merely for the reimbursement of the development costs for the one car i.e. the design, manufacture and testing expenses. This would be paid to me from time to time as a government subvention as soon as the work progress has been established and proved. If this car is later taken into series production I wish in addition, for a license fee, still to be agreed upon, for the use of all the patented parts.
I regard myself as qualified for the independent development of a Volkswagen for the following reasons. During my practical career lasting many decades, I have developed more than 60 types of vehicle, and thus have been able to gain specialised knowledge and experience. Moreover, within the framework of my neutral office in Stuttgart, I have at my disposal a team of hand-picked co-workers who are familiar with my ideas and therefore well up to the demands made of them. My design office may truly be regarded as neutral, as there is no interest whatever except regular creative work and no connection at all exists with certain branches of the automobile industry. My design office has been in the shortest possible time in the position to supply designs to a large part of domestic and foreign industry, which has found a sustained echo and recognition among specialists. On my own initiative I began the construction of a German racing car with my employees which, later with help from the state, have just begun its first test runs, which have been much discussed. The construction of a German Volkswagen, which in the broad mass of the population is the strongly desired car of the future’, is an idea close to my heart. I am therefore fully justified in expecting the contract for the construction of the German Volkswagen to be given to me as an acknowledgement by the government.

APPENDIX
V DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
The design features of the Volkswagen planned by me are shown in the accompanying three outline drawings. They show:
X35 The bare chassis.
X36 The complete chassis.
X37 The car complete with body.

The following design details can thus be seen:
(a) CHASSIS
1. Frame: Rigid frame consisting of two parallel tubes forming a central backbone welded to transverse tubes forming a ladder shape. The front transverse tube and the rear of the longitudinal tubes function as spring supports. The front and rear transverse girders also serve as shock absorber supporting beams. In addition, all transverse tubes act as body mounting points.
Achieved: Low height, low weight but good rigidity against twisting and bending, different body types easy to mount, simple fixing of swing axles, simple and cheap construction no necessity for special body mounting points.

2. Suspension: Fully independent suspension. At the front, parallel trailing arms on steered wheels, at the rear swing axle struts on driven wheels. On front trailing arms, torsion bars and shock absorbers run on the same axis. At the rear, swing axle struts, torsion bars fitted via joints.
Achieved: Rigid fixing of the wheels in relation to the frame, steered wheels parallel, therefore unaffected during cornering and braking; tilting driven wheels, therefore simple drive and good road¬ holding; best possible swing axle combination offering good handling and stability.

3. Springing: Produced by steel bars which twist, directly connected to the road wheels and encapsulated in steel tubes. Fixed by fluting with differing divisions, which allows a movement of the bars.
Achieved: Low unsprung weight through effective use of materials, high resistance to vibration, thus avoiding breakages; no waste of space from placing the bars in the car frame no maintenance necessary in particular no greasing; simple adjustment; good progressive springing quality.

4. Shock absorbers: Double-acting liquid-filled shock absorbers with reduced movement, on the front connected to the steering gear, on the rear specially mounted on the transverse frame tube.
Achieved: Favourable combination with the torsion bars, simple adjustment of the damping effect, absolute reliability.

5. Steering: Direct steering with tie rods working on the parallelogram principle, steering box fixed on the front transverse tube, steering gear using worm and nut.
Achieved: Steering with absolutely no kickback whatever the wheel position; no intermediary parts, self-centering, individual adjustment of the steering arms, no effect through wear and tear.

6. Brakes: Mechanical four wheel braking plus handbrake on the rear wheels, combined brake cable operation.
Achieved: Absolute reliability as, if one brake cable should fail, only one axle is without braking. Low weight through direct combined construction of main brake and handbrake on rear wheels.

7. Drive: Entire drive train mounted directly over the rear axle consisting of transmission, differential and reduction gears and engine block mounted on rubber on the chassis tubes; swing half-axles mounted directly.
Achieved: No restriction on vehicle length, giving excellent interior space no propeller shaft, saving weight, good accessibility and suitability for modification, vibration-free engine mounting, no road noise or exhaust gases in interior.

Engine: Either air-cooled four cylinder four stroke in horizontal flat formation boxer or air-cooled three cylinder two-stroke in radial formation. The flat-four would have a cooling air fan driven by a high-mounted auxiliary shaft. The radial engine would have a combined cooling and flushing air fan mounted on the crankshaft. The individual cylinders would be cooled by air ducted into zones.
Achieved: Good degree of uniformity, low performance weight and limited space requirement, efficient cooling, good accessibility.

(b) BODYWORK
9. Vehicle body: One-piece body using light materials mounted onto a platform chassis, bolted directly onto the ends of the transverse tubes. Fixed by clamping with rubber buffers in between. Body shape conforming to the ideal streamline.
Achieved: Comfortable seating area; simple fixing and removal of body, low wind-resistance at top speed, harmonious looks.

VI Technical data
For the above design of the Volkswagen, the technical specifications are as follows:
1 . Chassis measurements:
Track T 1200mm
Wheelbase W 2500mm
Area within wheels TxW 3m2
2. Engine specifications
Engine type 4-stroke 2-stroke
Construction boxer (flat) or radial
No. of cylinders four or three
Cubic capacity 1.25 litres or 1 litre
Max. rpm 3500rpm or 3200rpm
Max. power 26bhp 26bhp
3. Vehicle Specifications
Number of seats 4
Unladen weight 650kg
Purchase price 1550RM
Max. speed 100Km/h
Hill climbing capability 30%
Av. fuel consumption 8L/100Km
4. Other figures
Kilogram price 2.4RM/Kg
Surface loading 21.6 Kg/bhp
Power to weight ratio 25Kg/bhp
Weight ratio full/empty 1.46
In the accompanying table X38 these specifications are listed out together with comparable vehicles on the market today, in order to facilitate the necessary comparisons.

Stuttgart, 17 January 1934 Dr h.c. Ferdinand Porsche


The Origin of the Volkswagen - http://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2012/03/volkswagen-world-beating-peoples-car.html

Volkswagen at War - http://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2014/07/volkswagen-at-war.html

The Death and Resurrection of Volkswagen - https://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2015/04/the-death-and-resurrection-of-volkswagen.html

The Tatra versus Volkswagen Lawsuit - https://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-tatra-versus-volkswagen-lawsuit.html

DKW's 1933 Streamliner - https://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2014/01/dkws-1933-rear-engined-streamliner.html

Framo Piccolo - Germany's Cheapest Car 1934 - https://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2019/10/framo-piccolo-germanys-cheapest-car-1934.html

Standard Superior - https://heinkelscooter.blogspot.com/2015/07/standard-superior.html